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Indian Pediatr 2016;53: S71 |
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Clippings
Theme: Polio Eradication
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Sanjay Verma
Email:
[email protected]
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Integrating Vitamin A Supplementation into Polio
Campaigns (Vaccine.2016 Jun 27.doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2016.05.056)
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Vitamin-A deficiency (VAD) is a public health problem that affects
children in developing countries. Findings of best practices assessment
conducted by WHO Regional Office for Africa in 2014 and 2015 in Angola,
Chad, Cote dIvoire, Tanzania and Togo were reviewed, that noted
integration of vitamin-A with polio as a best practice. VAD in 2004
ranged from 35% in Togo to as high as 55% in Angola. All five countries
integrated vitamin-A supplementation in at least one campaign in
2013-2014, and all achieved over 80% coverage for vitamin-A
supplementation when it was integrated with polio.
Comment: VAD is still a problem in weaker sectors
of society in developing countries; integration of vitamin-A
supplementation in at least one campaign in a year seems to be novel
strategy to improve vitamin-A nutriture.
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Determination of Depth-dependent Intradermal
Immunogenicity of Adjuvanted Inactivated Polio Vaccine Delivered
by Microinjections (Pharma Res.2016 Jun 17.doi:
10.1007/s11095-016-1965-6)
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This study investigated the depth-dependent intradermal immunogenicity
of inactivated polio vaccine (IPV) delivered by depth-controlled
microinjections via hollow microneedles (HMN), and to investigate
antibody response enhancing effects of IPV immunization adjuvanted with
CpG oligodeoxynucleotide 1826 (CpG) or cholera toxin (CT). A novel
applicator was used to immunize rats intradermally with monovalent IPV
serotype-1 (IPV1) at injection depths ranging from 50 to 550 ėm, or at
400 ėm for CpG and CT adjuvanted immunization, which were compared to
intramuscular immunization. No differences in IgG titers were observed
as function of injection depth; however IgG titers were significantly
increased in the CpG and CT adjuvanted groups (7-fold).
Comments: CpG and CT could be used as potent adjuvants for IPV,
both intradermal and intramuscular immunization.
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A Phase III Randomized, Double-blind, Clinical Trial of an
Investigational Hexavalent Vaccine Given at 2, 4 and 11-12
Months (Vaccine. 2016; 34: 3810-6)
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DTaP5-HB-IPV-Hib is a new investigational, fully-liquid, combination
vaccine designed to protect against 6 infectious diseases, including 5
pertussis antigens and OMPC instead of PT as conjugated protein for Hib
component. This multicenter, double-blind, comparator-controlled, Phase
III study conducted in Sweden, Italy, and Finland. A total of 656
participant in study Group received the investigational hexavalent
vaccine (DTaP5-HB-IPV-Hib), and 659 participants in control Group
received Infanrix-hexa (DTPa3-HBV-IPV/Hib) at 2, 4 and 11-12 months of
age. Immune responses to all vaccine antigens post-toddler dose were
non-inferior in the DTaP5-HB-IPV-Hib Group as compared to the Control
Group. Early Hib responses were superior in comparison to controls.
Comments: DTaP5-HB-IPV-Hib could provide a new hexavalent option
for pediatric combination vaccines, aligned with recommended
immunizations.
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Humoral and Intestinal Immunity Induced by New
Schedules of bOPV and One or Two Doses of IPV in Latin American
Infants (Lancet. 2016:388:158-69)
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In this multicenter trial, five groups were randomly assigned 1:1:1:1 to
four permutations of schedule: groups-1 and 2 (control groups) received
bOPV at 6, 10, and 14 weeks; group-3 received tOPV at 6, 10, and 14
weeks; group-4 received bOPV plus one dose of IPV at 14 weeks; and
group-5 received bOPV plus two doses of IPV at 14 and 36 weeks. Type 2
seroconversion occurred in 19 of 198 infants (9ˇ6%, 95% CI 6ˇ2-14ˇ5) in
the bOPV-only groups, 86 of 88 (97ˇ7%, 92ˇ1-99ˇ4) in the tOPV-only group
(p<0ˇ0001 vs bOPV-only), and 156 of 194 (80ˇ4%, 74ˇ3-85ˇ4) infants in
the bOPV-one dose of IPV group (p<0ˇ0001 vs bOPV-only). After a bOPV-two
IPV schedule, all 193 infants (100%, 98ˇ0-100; p<0ˇ0001 vs bOPV-only)
seroconverted to type 2.
Comments: After one or two IPV doses in addition to bOPV, 80% and
100% of infants seroconverted, respectively, and the vaccination induced
a degree of intestinal immunity against type 2 poliovirus.
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Multiplex RT-PCR Assay for the Identification
of Recombination types at different genomic regions of
vaccine-derived polioviruses (Virus Genes. 2016;52:453-62)
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In the present study, ten Sabin isolates derived from
OPV vaccinees and environmental samples were studied in order to
identify recombination types located from VP1 to 3D genomic regions of
virus genome. The experimental procedure that was followed was virus RNA
extraction, reverse transcription to convert the virus genome into cDNA,
PCR and multiplex-PCR using specific designed primers able to localize
and identify each recombination following agarose gel electrophoresis.
This multiplex RT-PCR assay allows for the immediate detection and
identification of multiple recombination types located at the viral
genome of OPV derivatives.
Comments: After the eradication of wild PVs, the
remaining sources of poliovirus infection worldwide would be the OPV
derivatives. As a consequence, the immediate detection and molecular
characterization of recombinant derivatives are important to avoid
epidemics due to the circulation of neurovirulent viral strains.
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