E
ach generation has to go through an
era-defining upheaval. Some of us lived through independence,
some through wars, and some through the economic liberalization
of the 90s. But, nothing could have prepared us for this. And in
turn, it would have been nearly impossible to prepare our
children for it. Nevertheless, they find themselves in the
middle of a pandemic with death, illness, and misery all around.
The oft-repeated assertion entering the lay
con-sciousness has been that children are safe from contracting
coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Whereas a truer statement
would be that they are relatively safer from severe forms of
COVID-19. They are not immune to it, and the fact that the rate
of mortality and severity is lower, does not mean we let our
guard down. It also does not mean that we panic about a third
wave where children are supposedly at dis-proportionate risk.
This pandemic has exhibited a nonlinear, complex nature; all
predictions, whether based on complex mathematical model or past
experience or even just instinct, have gone for a toss. It would
be prudent, therefore, to be cautious against any speculation or
prediction unsubstantiated by hard evidence, especially
regarding the third wave specifically targeting children. All
this can result in is unwarranted mental trauma to children and
their caretakers rather than preparing them for whatever lies in
store. Usually, it is expected that every fresh wave would be
weaker than the previous one, but the strange nature of the
virus coupled with human behavior has belied this. The second
wave took a heavier toll unlike expected and has given credence
to the possibility that the third wave might be even stronger.
The number of people infected has been much higher in the second
wave; proportionately, the number of children infected has also
increased. This remains a possibility even in the third wave but
there is no logical reasoning or evidence to believe that the
third wave will predominantly or exclusively affect children
[1].
An Indian Council of Medical Research survey
conducted in December, 2020 and January, 2021 showed that the
percentage of infected children in the age group of 10-17 years
was around 25%, the same as adults [2]. Almost 90% of infections
in children are mild/asymp-tomatic. This indicates that while
children are being infected like adults, they are not getting
the severe form of the disease. As per data collected in the
first two waves, even severe COVID infections in children are
less likely to require intensive care unit management.
However, the impact of the pandemic on our
children has not been limited to the actual disease, but a gamut
of related issues and lifestyle changes forced upon them due to
the pandemic. A recent study [3] found that almost one-third of
children had developed psychosocial problems, presenting as
symptoms of anxiety and depression. The underlying problems for
these ranged from the fear of acquiring COVID-19 infection, not
being able to attend school, to not being able to meet friends.
The thing they missed the most, as well the activity they
intended to engage in as soon as the lockdowns were over, was to
meet friends [3].
One of the more serious side-effects of the
pandemic has been the reduction in child hospital visits. Any
pediatrician could attest to parents bringing their children
more frequently to their doctors, either for immunization or
even in cases of mild illnesses, than they would themselves.
These used to provide a vital stopgap in diagnosis and
management of chronic illnesses, which would have gone
unnoticed, since routine check-ups are almost non-existent in a
large part of the country. Now, due to COVID-19, there is an
increasing reluctance in bringing children to the hospital.
Sure, telemedicine has taken over, where it can, but there is no
denying the value of an in-person visit for diagnosis of an
underlying disease. Even routine immuni-zation has suffered and
can be disastrous in the long-term. The pandemic indirectly
might end up aiding the proli-feration of a host of other
illnesses. Then there is the economic impact. Already
marginalized communities have borne the brunt of it, with no
jobs, no income, and savings exhausted. This will invariably
have an impact on their child’s nutrition, and in turn, their
overall health.
School is an inextricable part of a child’s
life, as children spend at least a-quarter of their day in
school or traveling to and from it. That is, until the pandemic
necessitated stringent lockdowns. And with it, has come a
simultaneous need and opportunity for a paradigm shift in
education. We also are more cognizant of the possibility that
attending school is more important for socialization and
associated skills, rather than mere learning. In view of this,
and to take better care of our children’s mental health, which
has been tested time and again during the pandemic, there is an
imminent need to redesign school curricula, as well as
performance assessment systems.
A holistic approach to child mental health
needs to be adopted by parents and teachers alike, who need to
be sensitized into minimizing the stress on every child they are
responsible for. Equating excellence in academic learning to
self-worth merely serves to inflate an already competitive
environment and does not work towards discipline and results.
These positive traits need to be self-motivated if they are to
sustain for the long term, and the self-motivation can only come
from a place of mental calm and security. To build this,
screen-time needs to be reduced for children. Yoga, meditation
and other forms of exercise need to be taken up. Since we have
already seen the psychological issues emanating from the
pandemic, an exclusive helpline to combat adolescent suicide, is
long overdue.
It is true that the pandemic has wrecked
unprecedented misery and chaos everywhere, but it has also
exacerbated existing problems like nutritional extremes. On one
hand we are battling with nutritional issues such as
malnutrition and anemia. The Comprehensive National Nutrition
Survey (CNNS) India 2016-18 that included data on 112316
children and adolescents revealed that only 6% of infants are
getting minimum acceptable diet, the prevalence of wasting
(defined as low weight-for-height, indicating acute
malnutrition) and stunting (defined as low height-for-age,
indicating long-term malnutrition) in under-five children are
17% and 35%, respectively; and 41% of preschoolers, 24% of
school-age children, and 28% of adolescents are anemic [4]. It
is highly probable that the problem has worsened during the
pandemic, especially amongst children belonging to
underprivileged communities, who are struggling to make ends
meet. On the other hand, we have urban children living in
economically stable households, who are at the other end of the
nutritional extreme. In the last decade, options at home for
junking have been on the rise, and in the lockdowns, have become
ever-more prevalent [5].
Schools need to be reopened to provide a
sense of normalcy. However, as an Indian Academy of Pediatrics
(IAP) task force recently put forth in its guidelines [6], they
should be opened "only when the local epidemiological parameters
are favourable, the administration is equipped with adequate
infrastructure and health care facilities, and the stakeholders
(teachers, students, parents, and support staff) are prepared
for the new normal. In the meanwhile, remote learning
(media-based and /or otherwise) should reach to the last student
to maintain uninterrupted education." School attendance will
ensure that children are not leading a sedentary lifestyle, are
mingling with peers, and developing a healthy immunogenic
arsenal.
The speculation about a third wave which
pre-dominantly affects children should not be seen as a reason
to panic, but an opportunity to better our pediatric healthcare
infrastructure, which has historically been inadequate in normal
times, let alone a pandemic. Not just district hospitals, but
even many medical colleges in the country do not have intensive
care services for children, be it trained specialists or
essential equipment. The motto has to be – build in peacetime,
so that we are ready for war. Healthcare, especially for
children, has to become a priority if we are to handle a
pandemic. This does not simply mean buying more ventilators,
procuring more equipment or creating more beds. It also means
making sure that the workforce responsible for our children is
not scanty, starved, or scared.
The writing is on the wall for anyone to
read. We can not think short-term and expect long-term gains.
Dealing simply with COVID-19 will not erase decades of
under-investment in child health. There needs to be a long-term
commitment from all private and public stakeholders if we are to
be prepared for the next era-defining upheaval.
Note: This article is excerpted
with permission from the author’s lead editorial published on 18
June, 2021 in the Outlook magazine titled "Our Penny stocks, Our
Tomorrow." The full article can be accessed from the website of
the magazine https://magazine.
outlookindia.com/story/collectors-issue-our-penny-stocks-our-tomorrow/
304673
Funding: None; Competing interests:
None stated.
REFERENCES
1. Indian Academy of Pediatrics (IAP). IAP
Viewpoint on the third wave of COVID-19 in India. Accessed 23
June, 2021. Available from: www.iapindia.org
2. ICMR sero survey: One in five Indians
exposed to Covid-19. Accessed 23 June, 2021. Available from:
https://www.bbc. com/news/world-asia-india-55945382
3. Shah S, Kaul A, Shah R, Maddipoti S.
Impact of coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic and lockdown on
mental health symptoms in children. Indian Pediatr.
2021;58:75-76.
4. Comprehensive National Nutrition Survey -
National Health Mission. Accessed 23 June, 2021. Available from
https://nhm.gov.in
5. Gupta P, Shah D, Kumar P, et al. Pediatric
and Adolescent Nutrition Society (Nutrition Chapter) of Indian
Academy of Pediatrics. Indian Academy of Pediatrics Guidelines
on the Fast and Junk Foods, Sugar Sweetened Beverages, Fruit
Juices, and Energy Drinks. Indian Pediatr. 2019; 56:849-63.
6. Ghate S, Parekh BJ, Thapar RK, et al.
Indian Academy of Pediatrics Guidelines on School Reopening,
Remote Learning and Curriculum in and After the COVID-19
Pandemic. Indian Pediatr. 2020;57:1153-65.